The history of the world represents the memory of the past experience of Homo sapiens , until today, on the entire planet, preserved in archaeological remains, written documents or in individual / collective memory.

The origin of man is still unknown, being the subject of numerous historical, philosophical or religious controversies. ^{[1] [2] [3]} From the dawn of the appearance of Man , the history of primitive man is marked by a long period of inventions (which in fact continue today even on a larger scale). One of the oldest inventions was writing, which created the infrastructure for maintaining and transmitting information, human knowledge and communication over long distances. The complex society we have reached today would not have been possible without the art of writing. ^[4]

The history of the world is marked by a series of discoveries and inventions, by social movements and revolutions, representing qualitative leaps that open new eras and epochs. Such a leap is the Agrarian Revolution. ^[5] [6] Between 8,500 and 7,000 BC, in that Horn of Abundance in Mesopotamia , Phenicia , and Ancient Egypt , people began a systematic taming of animals and cultivating plants: agriculture . ^[7] It has also spread to neighboring regions and, independently, to other remote areas, where Homo sapienshe will live sedentarily in the midst of permanent crops as a farmer. Not all human societies have abandoned the nomadic lifestyle, especially in isolated plant-poor isolated regions. ^[8]Those societies that have become sedentary consist of scattered dwellings, located mainly near water (rivers or lakes), but which, over time, begin to group into formations (settlements) increasingly large with the evolution of means of transport. An increasingly secure life, due to an increasingly productive agriculture, leads to population growth. The surplus of food implies the appearance of the exchange of goods, the division of labor, the appearance and development of the first cities and thus of civilization. The increasing complexity of social relations implies the need for calculations and accounting and thus, starting with the Bronze Age, writing appears. ^[9] Historyuniversal, from its global perspective, regards the invention of writing as a key factor that led to the formation of civilizations. This invention created the basis for the storage and transmission of information in the dissemination and development of knowledge. ^[10]

Not all writing systems appeared at once, they were based on certain symbols. The writing appeared independently in several regions of the planet, which can thus be called the cradles of culture and civilization ( Mesopotamia , Levant , Lower Egypt , Anatolia , the Persian Plateau, the Indus River or the Yellow River, etc.). Civilizations developed especially on the banks of rivers. One of the first to appear was the Sumerian (between 4,000 and 3,000 BC), in the land between the two rivers Mesopotamia in the Middle East. ^[11] Other civilizations have evolved on the shoresOf the Nile , in Ancient Egypt , ^{[12] [13] [14]} in the Indus Valley ^{[15] [16] [17]} or along the great rivers of China . The history of the Old World ^[18] is divided into Antiquity , having as main areas: the Middle East , ^{[19] [20] [21]} the Mediterranean basin, ancient China ^[22] and ancient India , reaching the sixth century; Middle Ages , ^[23] [24] between the 6th and 16th centuries; Early modern era orThe Renaissance , ^[25] and the Modern Age , from the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution , beginning in 1750 to the present. In Europe , the fall of the Western Roman Empire ( 476 AD) is generally considered to mark the end. of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages . A thousand years later, in the middle of the 15th century, the movable type, the invention of Johannes Gutenberg , ^[26] revolutionized communication, announcing the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance ^{[27] [28 ]} et alThe Scientific Revolution ^[29] Through the eighteenth century, the development of science and technology led to a qualitative leap called the Industrial Revolution . ^[30] Since then and until today, for a quarter of a millennium, science, technology, trade and, with them, the destructive potential of wars and other dangers facing the planet's inhabitants have grown at an accelerated pace. .