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The first manifestations of the Renaissance took place in Italy . After the Peace of Lodi ( 1454 ) there was a balance between the various political forces that led to a period of relative calm and, consequently, to the economic development of the cities of central and northern Italy , favoring the flourishing of art and literature, encouraged and sustained. rich financial and family influences Medici of Florence , is in Ferrara , the Sforza of Milan and the dukes of Urbino , Dogi Venetians and the papacy Roman.
The renaissance continues the work already started in the sec. XIV through " La Divina Commedia ", the monumental creation of Dante Alighieri ( 1265 - 1321 ), the sonnets and letters of Francesco Petrarca ( 1304 - 1374 ), the short stories of Giovanni Boccaccio ( 1313 - 1375 ) reunited in the volume " Il Decamerone ". The old literary genres of antiquity are resumed - epic , satire , epigram , biography - and new genres are created, assonnet and short story ( Novella ). Representatives of Italian Renaissance literature are:
The development of art in the Italian Renaissance takes place at the beginning of the 15th century in Florence . Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 - 1446 ), the most important builder of the Renaissance, discovers the linear perspective - characteristic of the art of this period - and realizes the dome of the Dome of Florence ( 1436 ).
Lorenzo Ghiberti ( 1378 - 1455 ) became known for making the bronze gates of the Baptistery in front of the Dome, later called by Michelangelo "Gates of Paradise". Donatello ( 1386 - 1466 ), through his plastic style, also influenced painting. Among his most important works is the bronze statue of David , the first sculpture that, as in ancient times, again shows the naked human body, without clothes. Other sculptures by Donatello are the Gattamelata equestrian monument in Padua or the Cantoria marble grandstand.for the Dome of Florence .
In painting, Cimabue ( 1240 - 1302 ) and his student Giotto di Bondone ( 1266 - 1337 ) - the frescoes in the "Scrovegni" chapel in Padua and the "Santa Croce" chapel in Florence - can be considered as precursors.
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Masaccio ( 1401 - 1428 ), with his naturalistic motives and the application of perspective in drawing, is considered the pioneer in painting from the early Renaissance. The cycle of frescoes in "Cappella Brancacci" in the church of "Santa Maria delle Carmine" in Florence impresses with the individuality and plasticity of the new style.
And Paolo Uccello ( 1397 - 1475 ) - "Battaglia di San Romano" , "Il Condottiere Giovanni Acuto" - is fascinated by the potential of perspective in painting. Other masters of this period are the Dominican monk Fra Angelico ( 1400 - 1455 ), Jacopo Bellini ( 1400 - 1470 ), Piero della Francesca ( 1416 - 1492 ), who also wrote theoretical works in the field of mathematics and perspective.
The painters of the next generation contributed to the renewal of the perspective rendering of the landscapes, the meticulous composition of the paintings, the finesse of the rendering of the figures. Among them are: Antonio Pollaiuolo ( 1432 - 1498 ), Andrea del Verrocchio ( 1435 - 1488 ), Domenico Ghirlandaio ( 1449 - 1494 ) - in Florence ; Andrea Mantegna ( 1431 - 1506 ) - in Padua ; Giovanni Bellini ( 1430 - 1516 ) and Giorgione(ca. 1477 - 1510 ) - in Venice . The latter gave a decisive orientation to the Venetian school , through the new sense of spatial organization, light and color, in contrast to the Florentine style , in which drawing predominates. A special place is occupied by Sandro Botticelli ( 1445 - 1510 ), who worked for the Medici family in Florence and for the Vatican . Among his best-known works are "The Birth of Venus" (La nascita di Vènere) ( 1482 ) and "Spring" ( 1474).).
In 1500 , Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 - 1519 ) returned to Florence , coming from Milan , where he painted the fresco of the Last Supper for the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie . During this time, Michelangelo ( 1475 - 1564 ) worked on the marble statue of "David" , which would become the hallmark of the city of Florence .
The center of gravity of the art moves to Rome , to the court of Pope Julius II, who encourages the realization of ambitious projects inside and outside the Vatican . The dome "San Pietro" (San Pietro), is built according to the plans of Donato Bramante ( 1444 - 1514 ), in the "Sistine Chapel" Michelangelo paints the ceiling and the background ( "The Last Judgment" ). Rafael Sanzio ( 1483 - 1520 ) decorates the rooms ( Le Stanze di Raffaello ) in the Vatican Palace - among other reasons, the famous "School of Athens", which depicts various philosophers of antiquity.
Tiziano Vecello ( 1488 - 1576 ) is the most important representative of the Renaissance in Venice . He also painted for Carol the Fifth , who named him the official painter of the Spanish royal court .
Another important representative of painting from this period was Correggio ( 1489 - 1534 ), who lived most of his life in Parma , where he made his main works (for example, the frescoes in the church of San Giovanni Evangelista ).
Starting around 1590 , Mannerist art with various stylistic tendencies prevailed , in which - in contrast to the classical serenity of the previous period - the repertoire of forms becomes exaggerated, human bodies appear serpentine and taut ( Figure serpentinata ), the paintings are loaded with many decorative elements. , announcing the emergence of the "baroque" style .
Valuable representatives of Mannerism are:
