Poster: “ Glory to the great Stalin! ”
Stalin is well known for creating the cult of Lenin's personality (but also his own) in the Soviet Union. The embalming of the body of the founder of the Soviet state and its deposition in a mausoleum was made against the objections of Lenin's wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya . Stalin had become the center of collective worship and adoration. Many towns and villages were renamed named Soviet leader (see list of the places named after Stalin ), it was established in his honor Stalin Prize and Stalin Prize for Peace . Trotsky , Bolshevik from the " old guard", criticized the cult of personality as being against the values of socialism and Bolshevism, by raising the individual above the party and the working class. Therefore, despite Trotsky's political refuge in Mexico , he was assassinated by the long hand of the INO GUGB , of course , at the urging of the "much-loved" Stalin, the cult of personality reached new heights during the Great War for the Defense of the Fatherland , when Stalin's name was introduced into the new Soviet national anthem . ), music, painting and film.
Oh, great Stalin. O leader of the nations,
You, who brought man back to life,
You who make the earth bear fruit,
You who restore rights for centuries,
You, the one who makes spring bloom,
You, the one who makes the musical strings vibrate…
You, splendor of my spring! Oh you
Sun reflected by millions of hearts!
( AO Avdienko )
In total, under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from an agricultural nation into a world superpower. Industrialization was a success in that it created the possibility of defending and ultimately defeating the Axis powers in World War II , although this was done with huge loss of life. However, the historian Robert Conquest and other Western researchers claim that the USSR was forced into industrialization that was not necessarily linked to Bolshevik influence. There are other "what if" speculations, but they are, by their nature, unlikely.
Although Stalin's economic and social policies laid the groundwork for raising the USSR to superpower status, the cruelty with which he conducted Soviet affairs was later repudiated by his successors in the leadership of the Communist Party. The denunciation of Stalinism by Nikita Khrushchev in February 1956 should be noted . In "The Secret Report", About the cult of personality and its consequences, held during the closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for his cult of personality and for "violations of Leninist norms of legality." However, his immediate successors continued to follow the basic principles of the Stalinist regime: the Communist Party's political monopoly, state control of the economy, and a repression service that would suppress any dissent. On the other hand, large-scale purges have never been repeated.
Other names and rumors about origins [ change | change source ]
There are several etymologies of the root ჯუღა ( jugha ). According to one version, it is of Ossetian origin . The name Jugaev is common among Ossetians, and before the revolution, names in South Ossetia were traditionally written with the Georgian suffix, commonly used especially among Christian Ossetians. According to another version, the name comes from the village of Jugaani in Kahetia , in eastern Georgia. A 1988 article in the Pravda newspaper claimed that the dictator's nickname derived from an old Georgian word meaning "steel", which may be the reason for the adoption of the name Stalin . Сталин ( Stalin) is a combination of the Russian сталь ( stal ) " steel " and the possessive suffix -ин ( -in ), a formula used by many other Bolsheviks such as Lenin or Bukharin . Montefiore said the name came from a mistress, Liudmila Stal.
Like other Bolsheviks, he became commonly known as a conspirator , of whom Stalin was not the most important. He was also known as Koba , after a popular Georgian hero (an outlaw like Robin Hood ). He was said to have used at least a dozen other names for secret communications , but for easy-to-understand reasons, many remained unknown. Immediately after the victory in World War II, while the Soviets were negotiating numerous issues with the Allies, Stalin sent directives to Molotov signing Drujkov . Among other pseudonyms was Ivanovich , Soso or Sosso (his childhood name), David , Nijaradze or Nijeradze and Chijikov .
There are several rumors about Stalin's origins, none of which are confirmed.
One such rumor is that he was the son of his godfather, a wealthy Georgian nobleman, Egnatashvili, whose family members were clergymen from father to son. Several facts support this theory: Stalin's mother worked in Egnatashvili's house; Stalin was admitted to the seminary, a child from a poor family could not have entered a prestigious school like that; Stalin maintained ties with Egnatashvili throughout his life, including during the war. On the other hand, it would not be unusual for a godfather to help his son.
There were rumors about a probable Jewish origin of Stalin. Among the origins of this rumor can be the episode with Papismedov narrated in Stalin's Childhood .
- ^ According to the birth register of the Uspensky Church inGori Georgia, Stalin was born onDecember 6, 1878. He himself declared himself born onDecember 21(December9 old style), this being the date when the dictator was celebrated inthe Soviet Union.
- ^ Quotes fromNikita Khrushchev's speech"On the cult of personality and its consequences" can be readonline.
- ^ Find a Grave , accessed inAugust 24, 2019
- ^ a b Josef W. Stalin , Munzinger-Archiv , accessed inOctober 9, 2017
- ^ Jossif Stalin , Brockhaus Enzyklopädie , accessed inOctober 9, 2017
- ^ a b Josif Stalin , Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana
- ^ a b Iossif Djougachvili , Roglo
- ^ a b BeWeB , accessed inFebruary 14, 2021
- ^ "Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin" , Gemeinsame Normdatei , accessed inDecember 10, 2014
- ^ a b Сталин Иосиф Виссарионович , The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978) [*]
- ^ https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10412097.stm Missing or empty: ( help )
|title=
- ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/georgia-stalin-museum-to-show-how-tyrant-ruled-by-terror-7631148.html Lipsește sau este vid:
|title= (ajutor)
- ^ "Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin" , Gemeinsame Normdatei , accessed inApril 9, 2014
- ^ BnF Authority , accessed inOctober 10, 2015
- ^ Joseph Stalin , Encyclopædia Britannica Online , accessed inOctober 9, 2017
- ^ Josef Stalin , Find a Grave , accessed inOctober 9, 2017
- ^ Josef Stalin , Filmportal.de , accessed inOctober 9, 2017
- ^ https://www.ducksters.com/biography/joseph_stalin.php Missing or empty: ( help)
|title=
- ^ The death of Stalin - was it a natural death or poisoning? [*] Check value ( help )
|titlelink=
- ^ a b "Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin" , Gemeinsame Normdatei , accessed inApril 2, 2015
- ^ Although sources disagree on his year and day of birth, Joseph Dzhugashvili is in the records of Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on December 18 ( Old Style : December 6) 1878. This birth is supported by his graduation certificate. of the school, by his comprehensive file from the tsarist Russian police, an arrest record dated April 18, 1902 in which he declared his age of 23 years and all pre-revolutionary documents remaining in existence. Towards the end of 1921, Stalin himself mentioned his date of birth as December 18, 1878 in a handwritten curriculum vitae. However, after coming to power in 1922, Stalin changed the date to December 21, 1879 ( Old StyleDecember 9, 1879). This became his birthday celebrated in the Soviet Union . "Prominent figures" . State and Power in Russia . Accessed inJuly 19, 2008.
- ^ Wheatcroft, S. G.; Davies, R. W.; Cooper, J. M. (1986). Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941 . 39 . Economic History Review . pp. 264. ISBN 9780719046001 . More values specified for and ( help )
|pages=|page=
- ^ Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-5542-9.
- ^ Desmond Butler (December 17, 2001). „Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi + Soviet Horrors”. New York Times.
- ^ THE MYSTERIES OF SOVIET HISTORY. Iosif Stalin's eldest son was killed by a guard in a Nazi camp , May 11, 2012, Rl Online, Free Romania , accessed May 13, 2012
- ^ Koba the Dread, pp. 133, ISBN 0-7868-6876-7 ; Stalin: The Man and His Era, p. 354, ISBN 0-8070-7001-7 , in a footnote quoted in a press article about "sudden death"; also quotes pages 103–105 from his daughter's book, Twenty Letters to a Friend , Russian edition, New York, 1967
- ^ BBC (March 27, 2001). "Stalin grandson found in Siberia . " Accessed inNovember 28, 2011.
- ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, Publisher: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007
- ^ "Newseum: The Commissar Vanishes" . Accessed inJuly 19, 2008.
- ^ Fl.Constantiniu, BETWEEN HITLER AND STALIN: Romania and the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, Bucharest, DANUBIUS Publishing House, 1991
- ^ Ghe. Buzatu, Hitler, Stalin, Antonescu, I, Ploiești, Mileniul III Publishing House, 2005.
- ^ "Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize" . Nobelprize.org . Accessed inDecember 23, 2015.
- The young Stalin - an Al Capone from the Caucasus , Michael Nicholas Blaga, History
- en Edvard Radzinsky, Stalin: The First In-Depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, Chapter One
- Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for eternity , Polirom Publishing House, Bucharest, 2005
- Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, Editura Routledge, 2000, colecția „Rewriting Histories”
- Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin. Court of the Red Tsar , 2003 - review
- A.B. Ulam, Stalin: The man and his life, NY: Viking Press, 1973
- Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1.
- Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-05024-8.
- Boobbyer, Phillip (2000). The Stalin Era. Routledge. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1.
- Brackman, Roman (2001). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 0-7146-5050-1.
- Brent, Jonathan; Naumov, Vladimir (2004). Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-093310-0.
- Bullock, Alan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013564-2.
- Conquest, Robert (1991): Stalin, Breaker of Nations. First American ed. Viking-Penguin. ISBN 0-670-84089-0
- Fest, Joachim C. (2002). Hitler. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-602754-2.
- Gellately, Robert (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4005-1.
- Henig, Ruth Beatrice (2005). The Origins of the Second World War, 1933–41. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33262-1.
- Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2004). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. ISBN 0-7538-1766-7.
- Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2007). Young Stalin. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85068-7.
- Murphy, David E. (2006). What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11981-X.
- Overy, R. J. (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-02030-4.
- Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997). Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10676-9.
- Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). „The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany”. Soviet Studies. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 55 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1080/09668139208411994. JSTOR 152247.
- Roberts, Geoffrey (2002). „Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography”. 4 (4).
- Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11204-1.
- Service, Robert (2004): Stalin, A Biography, Oxford, 715 pages ill. ISBN O-330-41913-7
- Soviet Information Bureau (1948). „Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey)”. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 272848.
- Department of State (1948). „Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office”. Department of State.
- Taubert, Fritz (2003). The Myth of Munich . Oldenbourg science publisher. ISBN 3-486-56673-3 .
- Tucker, Robert C. (1992). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30869-3.
- Legal, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-5542-9.
- Stalin's Children , Owen Matthews, Meteor Press Publishing House, 2010 - review
- Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, Dmitri Volkogonov, Phoenix, 2000
- Stalin: A Political Biography, Isaac Deutscher, Editura Penguin Books, Limited, 1990
Biographical articles
- Young Stalin - an Al Capone from the Caucasus , November 2010, Michael Nicholas Blaga, History
- Was Stalin an alcoholic idiot? , August 19, 2013, Truth - History article
- Stalin and the Great Robbery of 1907 , May 10, 2012, Paul Ioan, Magazin Magazin
- Stalin - the man in Hitler's shadow , April 18, 2007, Gabriel Tudor, Magazin Magazine
- The most brilliant general: Herr Stalin revolutionizes science , February 25, 2013, Vladimir Tismaneanu, The event of the day
- Crime raised to the rank of virtue , February 5, 2009, Alexandru Mihalcea, Free Romania
Stalin's arrivals
Stalin's crimes
Video
