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It has been reported that resveratrol can extend lifespan in some organisms, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, involving a similar mechanism to that of calorie restriction (CR). Further studies have confirmed these results in the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode and the Drosophila melanogaster fly. This effect has been shown to be mediated by the activation of sirtuin 2. an enzyme induced, for example, by calorie restriction, physical exercise, and ethanol consumption. Sirtuins (Sirt or Sir, from “silent information regulator”) belong to a family of enzymes with deacetylase activity.These enzymes have the ability to modify covalently the histones that cover the DNA by deacetylation, inhibiting the transcription of certain genes. They can also activate or inhibit important enzymes by deacetylation. These enzymes can be activated by resveratrol consumption. Further studies seem to verify this capacity of resveratrol to increase lifespan using Drosophila spp and C. elegans. In this context, a CR-sirtuin-prolonging lifespan association was established, in which a low-calorie diet would activate sirtuins and regulate mechanisms which extend lifespan. It was suggested that resveratrol could activate the same mechanisms as CR so that the new association was resveratrol-sirtuin-prolonging lifespan. However, in the past years, the role of Sir2 and resveratrol in aging and the relationship with CR have brought about controversy. In fact, some authors postulate that resveratrol cannot activate Sirt2 in vivo and that CR could increase fly lifespan regardless of Sirt2 activation. Thus, a recent study performed on 30 and 130 μM resveratrol pretreated honey bees showed that resveratrol was able to extend lifespan under normal conditions, but not under hyperoxia.
In a recent study, which was carried out on five-year-old male grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), resveratrol decreased glycemia after an oral glucose loading without decreasing fasting blood insulin, mimicking the effects of calorie restriction. In humans, a recent study reported an improvement of insulin sensitivity in plasma glucose in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, after four weeks of daily resveratrol administration (1 and 2 g/day), showing no differences between doses. Regarding resveratrol's potential to mimic the beneficial effects of calorie restriction, in a recent human study on obese individuals who were administered 150 mg/day of resveratrol for 30 days, it induced similar metabolic changes as those. achieved with CR, such as a reduction in sleeping and resting metabolic rate and an increase of AMPK, Sirt1, PGC-1α, and citrate synthase activity However, the above mentioned controversy still exists in humans.
Another effect attributed to resveratrol is the protection against the vulnerability associated with frailty. It seems to act as a neuroprotective agent due to its anti-inflammatory activity and its ability to decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor, cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukins. Such neuroprotective activity could also be mediated by increasing Sirt1 activity, because this enzyme is thought to increase neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Specifically, in mice with a phenotype of accelerated aging (SAMP8) an increase of Sir and BDNF is produced when rats are calorie-restricted.
Read next article at: https://markethive.com/group/ama/blog/properties-of-resveratrol-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-studies-about-metabolism-bioavailability-and-biological-effects-in-animal-models-and-humans-p5
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