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| Vladimir Ilyich Lenin | |
 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin |
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| Name at birth | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov  |
| Born | April 22, 1870[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Ulyanovsk , Russian Empire [11] [12] |
| Deceased | January 21, 1924(53 years old) [13] [14] [15] [2] [3] [16] [17] [18] [5] [6] [7] [9] [10] Bolshiye Gorki [*] , ussr |
| Buried | Lenin's Mausoleum |
| Cause of death | natural causes ( Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy [*] ) |
| Parents | Ilia Nicolaevici Ulianov Maria Alexandrovna Blank |
| Brothers and sisters | Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova [*] Olga Ulyanova [*] Alexandr Ilici Ulianov Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov [*] Anna Ulyanova [*] |
| Married to | Nadejda Krupskaia (1898-January 21, 1924) |
| Citizenship |  Russian Empire USSR Russian SFSR .svg) |
| Ethnicity | Russian |
| Religion | atheism [19] orthodox Christianity [*] [20] |
| Occupation | revolutionary politician |
| Place of activity | St. Petersburg [21] Moscow [21] |
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| Depending July 17, 1923 - January 21, 1924 |
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| Succeeded by | Lev Borisovici Kamenev |
| Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars |
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| Depending July 6, 1923 - January 21, 1924 |
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| Succeeded by | Alexei Ivanovich Rikov |
| Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR |
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| Depending October 27, 1917 - January 21, 1924 |
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| Succeeded by | Alexei Ivanovich Rikov |
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| Awards | Work order of Corasmia[*] (1922) |
| Political party | KPSS (1918-1924) RSDLP (b) [*] (1917-1918) РСДРП (until1917) |
| Ideology | anti-capitalism[*]anti-imperialism[*]leninism |
| Alma mater | Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University [*] ( law degree [*] in case law ) Kazan Imperial University [*] ( case law , 1888) Simbirsk classical gymnasium[*] |
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ► pronunciation ► (Russian Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин), original family name:Ulianov(Улья́нов), (n.April 22, 1870, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Ulyanovsk , Russian Empire [11] [12] - d.January 21, 1924, [13] [14] [15] [2] [3] [16] [17] [18] [5] [6] [7] [9] [10] Bolshiye Gorky [*] , USSR ) was a Russian revolutionary who led the Bolshevik party , the first prime minister of the Soviet Union and the founder of the ideology known as Leninism. He was born in Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) with his parents Ilia Ulianov and Maria Alexandrovna. He had two brothers and three sisters, and he was the third born. His father Ilia was an inspector of primary schools in the Simbirsk region at the time of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
"Lenin" was one of his pseudonyms . It is believed that he created it to demonstrate the antagonism towards George Plekhanov , who used the pseudonym Volghin, after the Volga River ; Lenin chose the Lena River, which is longer and flows in the opposite direction. In any case, there are many theories about the origin of his pseudonym, and Lenin never explained his choice. Sometimes, in the West, he is erroneously called "Nikolai Lenin", although he never bore that name in Russia.
Lenin was born in Simbirsk , Russia. His father, Ilia Nikolaevich Ulianov ( 1831 - 1886 ), was a senior civil servant in the field of education, who campaigned for democracy and universal free education in Russia; his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulianovna ( 1835 - 1916 ), had had the premarital name "Blank". Lenin's ethnic and religious background was very varied: he had a calm ancestry through his paternal grandparents, a German , a maternal grandmother, who was a Lutheran , and a Jew.through the maternal grandfather (who converted to Christianity). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was baptized according to the rite of the Russian Orthodox Church . He had two brothers and three sisters, and he was the third born. His father Ilia was an inspector of primary schools in the Sibirsk region at the time of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
As a child, Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov (Lenin) excelled in Latin and Greek. In May 1887 , his older brother, Alexander Ulianov , was sentenced to death by hanging for participating in a plot to assassinate Tsar Alexander III . This event radicalized Vladimir Ilyich and, at the end of the same year, he was arrested and expelled from the University of Kazan for participating in a student protest. He continued to study privately, and in 1891 received a license to practice law .
Instead of pursuing a legal career, Lenin became increasingly involved in revolutionary propaganda and the study of Marxism . On 7 December 1895 he was arrested for a year, authorities and was subsequently exiled to the village of Shushenskoye in Siberia .
In July 1898 he married Nadezhda Krupskaya , a socialist activist . In April 1899 he published the book The Development of Capitalism in Russia . In 1900 his exile ended. He traveled through Russia and Europe and published the newspaper Iskra (Spark) and various articles and books related to the revolutionary movement.
Lenin was an active figure in the Social Democratic Labor Party of Russia (PSDMR), and from 1903 he led the Bolshevik faction after the break with the Mensheviks , a break that was inspired, at least in part, by his pamphlet What to Do? . In 1906 he was elected to the PSDMR presidium. In 1907 he moved to Finland for safety reasons. He continued to travel to Europe and participate in numerous meetings socialist , including the Zimmerwald Conference in 1915 .
On April 3-4, 1917, he returned to Petrograd with the help of Parvus , seeking the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II . During this period, Lenin took a leading role in the Bolshevik movement, publishing his April Theses . After a failed workers' revolt in July 1917, Lenin fled to Finland. He returned in October 1917, leading an armed revolution, with the slogan "All power - the Soviets!" against the Provisional Government . His ideas of government were expressed in the essay "The State and the Revolution", which invoked a new form of leadership, based on workers' councils called soviets (advice).
Much of the exile, starting in 1909, but also after the conquest of power, Lenin and his wife had around them Inessa Armand , feminist and revolutionary. According to some historians, Inessa Armand was also the mistress of the Bolshevik leader, accepted by the too-tolerant Krupskaya.
Neither in Russia nor abroad did Lenin know of material shortcomings. During the whole period of his exile he did not work a single day; he traveled a lot ( Bern , Paris , Brussels , Zurich , London , Stockholm , Berlin , the island of Capri , etc.), lived in hotels or in rented houses in resorts.
In January 1892, the young Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov was hired as an assistant to the pleading lawyer AN Hardin, in whose service he worked for only 18 months. By the time the October Revolution broke out , Lenin had been employed for less than two years.
Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanov was retired widow of a State Councilor holder of the Order Stanislas class . She had inherited from her husband a third of the Kokushkin estate. This share of the estate was sold, and the money was eventually deposited in a bank . However, Lenin's mother also traveled a lot three times to Switzerland , Germany and France , twice accompanied by her daughter, Maria (Maniașa). The latter spent almost two years in Germany and France.
Serious sources of income could not be articles published in the Russian revolutionary press (such as Iskra ). His main source of income was, of course, the special fund of the Party, a fund which is never mentioned in official documents, but whose existence is recognized by Lenin in his rich correspondence. [22]
This fund was funded by party membership fees . [23] , from private donations , such as those of Maxim Gorky [24] or the so-called Schmidt Affair [25] , but especially from revolutionary expropriations , in fact, embezzlement or bandit attacks on post offices , tickets in stations and on banks. the most famous expropriation was the attack on two trucks with money, 26 June 1907 Square Yerevan from Tbilisi, when 340,000 rubles were stolen by a team led by Stalin .
Control over this special fund, which Lenin did not relinquish either during exile or after the victory of the Bolshevik revolution, was one of the apples of discord that prevented timid attempts to reunite the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks .
On November 8, 1917, Lenin was elected President of the Council of People's Commissars by the Congress of the Russian Soviet. Faced with the threat of German invasion, Lenin was of the opinion that Russia should immediately sign a peace treaty. Other veteran Bolshevik leaders , such as Bukharin , defended the idea of continuing the war in order to stir up the revolution in Germany . Trotsky, which led the negotiations, was for a middle position, agreeing to a peace treaty stipulating the condition of no territorial gain for any part of the conflict. After negotiations failed, Germany launched an invasion that resulted in the loss of a significant part of Russia's western territories. As a result of this situation, Lenin won the support of most Bolshevik leaders, and Russia eventually signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) at a disadvantage .
Accepting that the Soviets were the only legitimate forms of workers' government, Lenin interrupted the work of the Russian Constituent Assembly . Here, the Bolsheviks had lost the vote, with the winner of the election being the Revolutionary Socialist Party . Later, the latter split into two factions, one left, pro-Soviet, and one right, anti-Soviet. The Bolsheviks had a majority in the Soviet Congress and formed a governmental coalition with the revolutionary left socialists.. Eventually, however, their coalition collapsed after the Socialist-Revolutionaries opposed the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, even trying, through alliances with other parties, to overthrow the Soviet government. The situation degenerated, and non-Bolshevik parties (and even some socialist groups) actively tried to overthrow the Soviet government. Lenin reacted by trying to stop their activities.
On August 30, 1918 , Fania Kaplan , a member of the Revolutionary Socialist Party , approached Lenin after he had spoken at a rally and was heading for his car. She shouted at Lenin, and when he returned to answer her, he fired three revolver shots at him, two of which struck the Bolshevik leader in the shoulder and ear. Lenin was taken to his private Kremlin apartment, he refused to risk going to the hospital because he thought he was waiting there for other killers. The doctors were summoned, but they decided it was too risky to extract the bullets. Lenin eventually recovered, but his health deteriorated continuously since then, and it is believed that the incident contributed to the later strokes.
In March 1919 , Lenin and the Bolshevik veterans met with socialist revolutionaries around the world and formed the Communist International . Members of the Communist International, including Lenin and the Bolsheviks, learned of the wider socialist movement. From that moment they were known as communists . In Russia, the Bolshevik Party was renamed the " Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)", which later became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .
During this period, a civil war was raging throughout Russia . A large number of political forces and their supporters have taken up arms to support and overthrow the government, respectively. Although several factions were involved in the civil war, the two most important forces were the Red Army (communists) and the White Army (monarchists). Foreign powers such as France , Britain , the United States and Japan also intervened in the war (on the side of the whites). Eventually, the Red Army emerged victorious, crushing the forces of the Whites and their allies in 1920., (although less important elements of the monarchists remained active for several years).
In the last months of 1919, the successes of the civil war convinced Lenin that it was time to export the revolution to Western Europe, if necessary by force. The newly independent Polish state, the Second Polish Republic , was under the strong influence of statesman Józef Piłsudski , who dreamed of a federation (" Międzymorze Federation ") that could include Poland , Lithuania , western Ukraine (centered in Kiev ). and other Central and Eastern European countries that emerged after the collapse of empires at the end of World War I. The purpose of this federation would have been to protect its members from any imperialist threat from both Russia and Germany. When Poland began to reoccupy its eastern territories annexed by Russia during the partition of Poland in the late 18th century and fighting broke out with the Bolsheviks for control of Ukraine and adjacent provinces, with the German revolution in full swing, Lenin appreciated. that it was the perfect time and place "to test Europe with the bayonets of the Red Army." The Polish-Russian War began in 1919. Lenin saw Poland as a bridge that the Red Army had to cross to make the connection betweenThe Russian Revolution and the communist supporters of the German Revolution , to help other communist movements in Western Europe . However, these plans were abandoned after the defeat at the Battle of Warsaw, and peace with Poland was signed on March 18, 1921 , in Riga .
The long years of war left their mark on Russia, and in the end, most of the country was in ruins. In March 1921, Lenin replaced the policy of war communism (which had been used during the civil war) with that of the New Economic Policy (NEP), in an attempt to rebuild industry and, in particular, agriculture . But in the same month, the Kronstadt sailors' uprising was suppressed .
Lenin's health was already seriously deteriorating as a result of his efforts in the revolution and in the war. The assassination attempt added another problem to the many health problems he had. In May 1922 , Lenin had his first stroke . He was partially paralyzed (on the right) and his role in government began to wane. After the second attack in December 1922 , Lenin resigned from political office. In March 1923 , he suffered a third attack, was bedridden and unable to speak.
Lenin died on January 21, 1924 . Shortly after his death, rumors began to circulate that he had suffered from syphilis . The official cause of Lenin's death was cerebral atherosclerosis or the fourth stroke , but of the 27 doctors who treated him, only eight agreed with the findings of the autopsy report. For this reason, several assumptions have been made about the causes of Lenin's death.
Documents declassified after the fall of the Soviet Union , along with the memoirs of Lenin's physicians, suggest that the Bolshevik leader had been treated for syphilis since 1895 . The documents also suggest that the pathologist Alexi Abrikosov , who was in charge of the autopsy, was ordered to prove that Lenin did not die of syphilis. Abrikosov did not mention this disease in the autopsy report, but the destruction of the blood vessels, paralysis and other disabilities he cited are typical of this disease. At a second autopsy report no organs, major arteries or areas of the brain, usually affected by syphilis, were mentioned.
In 1923 , Lenin's doctors treated him with salvarsan , the only drug used at the time specifically for the treatment of syphilis, but also with potassium iodide, which was also commonly used to treat syphilis. this disease.
In 2004, new medical claims were made that Lenin had suffered from syphilis and had died of it. [26]
The city of Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor and remained so until its collapse in the Soviet Union in 1991 , when it regained its original name, St. Petersburg .
After his first stroke, Lenin published a number of writings giving future directions for the government. The most important of these is Lenin's Testament , where, among others, criticism and party leaders such as Lev Trotsky and Stalin . Regarding Stalin, the party's secretary general since 1922 , Lenin said that "unlimited power is concentrated in his hands" and suggested that "comrades think of a way to remove Stalin from office." These harsh criticisms of the party's internal life were never brought to the attention of the general public.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian movement of cosmism (the theory of cosmic evolution) was very popular and an attempt was made to preserve Lenin's body by cryonics to allow its revival in the future. The necessary import equipment was procured, but for several reasons, this plan was not completed. Instead of cryopreservation, his body was embalmed and exhibited to visitors in Mausoleum in Moscow .
Although Lenin expressed his desire not to have memorials created for him shortly before his death, various politicians saw a way to improve their own position in the party by linking the name of that of the Bolshevik leader. The figure of the first leader of the Soviet state was raised to an almost mythical status, and statues, monuments and memorials appeared in his honor throughout the country.
