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Phase II metabolism of resveratrol or its metabolites occurs in liver. There is enterohepatic transport in bile, which may result in some returning cycles to the small intestine. Furthermore, resveratrol is able to induce its own metabolism, increasing the activity of phase II hepatic detoxifying enzymes. Resveratrol has a high metabolism, leading to the production of conjugated sulfates, glucuronides, which retain some biological activity, and up to five different metabolites present in the urine: resveratrol monosulfate, two isomeric forms of resveratrol monoglucuronide, monosulfate dihydroresveratrol, and monoglucuronide dihydroresveratrol. However, the nature and quantity of these metabolites can differ between subjects due to interindividual variability.
Resveratrol metabolites.
Cis-metabolites have been identified in human urine samples, mainly as cis-resveratrol-4′-sulfate, cis-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, and cis-resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide. Most research has been performed with trans-isomer due to the instability of cis-isomer [20]. However, data indicate that both of them can have different biological effects. Other dietary flavonoids, such as quercetin, may inhibit resveratrol sulphation and glucuronidation in the liver and duodenal tissue, increasing its bioavailability.
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