Big Ethereum upgrade could make network more centralised

Bloomberg 22 August 2022

The much-anticipated upgrade of Ethereum will create new participants called builders in the blockchain ecosystem, a move that risks altering the power structure of what is arguably the most commercially important cryptocurrency network.

Under the current system, networks of computers known as miners pluck transactions out of a special data pool, and arrange them into blocks that are added to the blockchain.

The miners are being eliminated as part of a plan to reduce energy consumption.

After the planned September upgrade known as the Merge, the builders will gather transactions into blocks, which they will then send to the validators.

The validators will sign off on the order of the blocks that will form the upgraded blockchain.

This seemingly geeky change, part of a portion of the software upgrade that is called MEV-Boost, could potentially make Ethereum more centralised, at least initially.

While there are already more than 416,000 validators lined up to order transactions, there are only a handful of participants committed to serving as builders.

The largest is Flashbots, which makes open-source software used by trading bots.

Flashbots is already the dominant way for miners to collect fees from traders by letting their transactions front-run and otherwise step around others.

Other participants are considering becoming builders because of concern about Flashbots or similar entities having too much control if a major wallet starts sending all transactions to one builder.

“If wallets begin sending transactions directly to a handful of block builders, it kills decentralisation,” said Uri Klarman, chief executive officer of BloXroute Labs, which has a network of servers that let traders send transactions to miners faster.

About 40% of all the trading volume from decentralised finance apps, which let people trade, loan and borrow coins, is routed through the network, he said.

A powerful digital wallet like MetaMask, which gives users the ability to buy, sell and receive cryptocurrency, could become a “king maker,” Klarman said. MetaMask is the most popular non-custodial wallet, with 30 million users.

A wallet service could favor one builder over all others and even decide to act as a builder, thus controlling the flow of transactions, Klarman said.

MetaMask is owned by the New York-based ConsenSys, which was founded by Ethereum co-founder Joseph Lubin. The software firm dismisses the concern.

“We will never send all of MetaMask’s transactions to one specific builder or provider,” said Taylor Monahan, global product lead at MetaMask.

“MetaMask’s value is derived from being a gateway to an exciting, vibrant, diverse and fair ecosystem. For that reason, MetaMask will always strive to make decisions that promote a healthy and decentralised Ethereum.”

The builder-validator role split was initially conceived as a way to increase Ethereum’s decentralisation, and to take the power away from validators.

Still, having too few builders on the upgraded Ethereum chain raises potential issues. They could censor transactions from being included into blocks.

Earlier this month, Flashbots blacklisted wallets associated with Tornado Cash, after the mixer protocol was sanctioned by the US Treasury Department.

If there are very few builders, they can also command higher fees, with validators earning less. That could, in turn, lead to fewer validators choosing to get involved in supporting the network.

To date, miners have earned about $240 million on the transaction-reorganisation service, called MEV, according to Flashbots. The fees are expected to be a significant contributor to validators’ revenue as well.

Ether gained as much as 7% to $1,640 as of 11:55 a.m. in New York. It has dropped about 56% this year.

Builders can also capitalise on their users’ order flow. If a builder knows that a lot of users are placing orders for a particular token, they could buy a long position in it, for example.

It’s like “Robinhood,  making money off order flow,” said Nathan Worsley, referencing the commission-free trading firm. Worsley and his partners, who make money off of transaction reorganizing liquidations and various complex trades, are considering becoming a builder, he said.

Worsley isn’t alone in considering a change in focus because of the potential centralisation risks and power shift.

“We’ll monitor the situation. If it gets closer to a centralised builder world, we’ll take action,” said Jonas Pfannschmidt at Blockdaemon, which runs validator nodes for clients.