Here is a chronological list of discoveries in the physics of the Sun :

 

ibn Rushd (Averroes)

• 350 BC - The first reference to a sunspot ( Theophrastus of Athens ).
• 28 AD - Chinese chronicles mention the existence of sunspots
• 807 - Eihnard mentions the existence of sunspots in the Life of Charlemagne .
• 840 - The philosopher al-Kindi mentions the existence of sunspots
• 1200 - Observations on a sunspot ( Ibn Rushd ).
• 1365 , 1371 - Russian chronicles describe sunspots on the Sun's disk.
• 1450 - Italian Guildo Carrara and his son notice sunspots.
• 1607 - Johannes Kepler sees a spot on the Sun, but considers it due to the passage of the planet Mercury in front of the solar disk.

Age telescope

 

De Maculis in sole observatis et apparente earum cum Sole conversione - The work of Johann Fabricius in which he announces the existence of sunspots

• 1611 - The first spot observations by the telescope and confirmation of their existence by Johann Fabricius , Galileo Galilei , Christoph Scheiner and Thomas Harriot .
• 1613 - Publication of Galileo's work Istoria e Dimonstrozioni intorno alle Macchie Solari
• 1630 - Publication of Scheiner's work
• 1769 - Discovery of the Wilson effect
• 1814 - Discovery of the Fraunhofer spectrum
• 1843 - Discovery of the 10-year cycle of sunspots by Samuel Heinrich Schwabe

Age solar photo

 

Hippolyte Fizeau

 

George Ellery Hale in 1905

• 1845 - The first photograph of the Sun (daguerreotype) obtained by physicists Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault
• 1848 - Rudolf Wolf enters the relative number of spots ( Wolf number )
• 1857 - Build solar telescope at Kew ( London ) ( England )
• 1858 - Richard Christopher Carrington discovers the drift of spots over a cycle and the first solar flare in integrated light
• 1863 - Richard Christopher Carrington discovers the differentiated rotation of the Sun.
• 1868 - Pierre Janssen discovers helium in the spectrum of protuberances
• 1869 - Harkness and Charles Augustus Young discover coronal line 5303 ( coronium )
• 1870 - Young discovers the lightning spectrum of the chromosphere
• 1874 - Photographic recording of spots begins at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich
• 1878 - Discovery of the correlation between the shape of the crown and the cycle of spots.
• 1884 - Samuel Pierpont Langley estimates the value of the solar constant at 2,903 k W / m ², too high a value ^[1] .
• 1891 - George Ellery Hale obtains the first spectroheliogram .
• 1896 - Publication of Pierre Janssen's work on sunspots and the solar photosphere.

Age Hale-Mont Wilson

 

Bengt Edlén (right) and Gustaf VI Adolf

• 1903 - GE Hale builds the first horizontal solar telescope (Snow).
• 1906 - The first vertical solar telescope is built at Mount Wilson Observatory (GE Hale).
• 1908 - GE Hale discovers solar magnetic fields.
• 1909 - The Evershed Effect (named after astronomer John Evershed
• 1924 - GE Hale invents the spectrohelioscope
• 1930 - Bernard Lyot invents the coronograph
• 1932 - The first Hα monochrome filter is invented by Bernard Lyot
• 1940 - Bengt Edlén (and Walter Grotrian ) discovers the mystery of the coron : it is the line of the iron atom 13 times ionized.
• 1942 - The Sun's radio wave emission is detected by radar.

Space Age

• 1946 - The existence of the solar cosmic radiation component is demonstrated.
• 1946 - Obtaining the first ultraviolet spectacle of the Sun through rockets outside the Earth's atmosphere.
• 1948 - Photography of the solar image in X-rays.
• 1953 - The first solar magnetograph is built ( Horace W. Babcock )
• 1957 - Registration of the largest solar maximum and organization of collaboration in the International Geophysical Year
• 1958 - Parker theoretically predicts the existence of the solar wind that was discovered in 1962 by rockets and natural satellites
• 1964 - 65 - International Years of the Calm Sun.
• 1969 - Commissioning of the largest vertical solar telescope at Sacramento Peak ( United States )
• 1976 - Andrei Severnii discovers the oscillation of the Sun with a period of 2 hours and 40 minutes [2] .
• 1981 - NASA processes data from 1978 and discovers a comet crashing into the Sun.
• 2004 - The largest solar flare ever recorded