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Oxidative damage is involved in the pathogenesis of many important diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. It also plays an important role in the aging process. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been focused on finding natural antioxidants, which could help in the treatment of all these diseases and, consequently, potential antioxidant effects of resveratrol have been studied in depth. Its antioxidant activity has been determined in isolated rat brain mitochondria, which shows an inhibition of the mitochondrial respiration state when they are incubated with resveratrol. Furthermore, it inhibits the activity of complex III by competing with coenzyme Q. This fact is interesting because it determines its antioxidant activity in mitochondria, not only its activity in uptake capacity of unpaired electrons, but also by inhibiting a complex that generates free radicals.
Most published in vitro studies report using concentrations of resveratrol too high to be reached in the organism after red wine consumption. Therefore, it is very important to make sure that low plasma concentrations of free resveratrol are sufficient enough to be active as an antioxidant. In this regard, it has been shown that nutritionally relevant concentrations of resveratrol are able to decrease H2O2 levels in MCF-7 cells by inducing the expression of antioxidant genes, such as catalase and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), through a mechanism that involves phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and proteinkinase-B (PKB or Akt) signaling pathway.
In the cardiovascular system it has been reported how this polyphenol, at a concentration of 20 μM, can reduce the malondialdehyde content in blood mononuclear cells isolated ex vivo from healthy individuals. Thus, resveratrol preincubation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells was able to attenuate oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (oxLDL-) induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2 levels. In another study performed in human blood platelets treated with peroxynitrite, resveratrol inhibited protein carbonylation and nitration, as well as lipid peroxidation.
Regarding other physiological systems and tissues, resveratrol has also been shown to protect primary hepatocytes in culture against oxidative stress damage by increasing the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Furthermore, it increases the level of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and induces its translocation to the nucleus. This factor can activate genes with antioxidant responsive elements (ARE).
In rat spinal cord, resveratrol was shown to protect it from secondary spinal cord injuries via improving the energy metabolism system and inhibiting the lipid peroxidation, at a dose between 50 and 100 mg/kg, reaching the maximal effect after 48 h of the spinal cord injury. In a related article, resveratrol protected rabbit spinal cord from ischemia-reperfusion injury by decreasing lipid peroxidation (at a dose of 10 mg/kg) and increasing nitric oxide (NO) release (at doses of 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg).
Regarding the musculoskeletal system, it has been described how, in young and old rats submitted to a 14-day muscle disuse by hindlimb suspension, resveratrol (at a dose of 12.5 mg/Kg) was able to diminish oxidative stress by increasing gastrocnemius catalase activity, MnSOD activity, and MnSOD protein content. Interestingly, resveratrol was also able to regain the muscle isometric force, but apoptotic markers were not modified. Another similar article also deals with the ability of resveratrol to protect against muscle and bone alterations after disuse and suggests resveratrol as a physical exercise mimetic.
The ability of resveratrol to act as an antioxidant has also been found in a model of senescence-accelerated mice, where resveratrol at different dosages (25, 50, and 100 mg/Kg/day) for 8 weeks increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as diminishing malondialdehyde levels. Despite this antioxidant function, however, it can also suffer an autooxidation process, leading to the production of O2 ?−, H2O2, and a complex mixture of semiquinones and quinones, which can become cytotoxic. The oxidized resveratrol molecule can generate complexes with copper that can fragment DNA.
Article Produced By
Neelam Khaper
Academic Editor:
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Blasco Ibáñez Avenue 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain.Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Gascó Oliag Street 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain.Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, University Avenue, s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
*J. Gambini: se.vu@inibmag.naujAcademic Editor: Neelam Khaper
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499410/
(All these Articles can be read from this URL:
https://markethive.com/group/ama/blog/the-role-of-resveratrol-in-achieving-optimal-health-p5
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