What is blockchain and what is it used for?

By Matt Hussey

Blockchain is an online record of transactions backed by cryptography. It’s at the heart of currencies like Bitcoin and can be used to document financial transactions, the movement of goods or services and or exchanges in information.

A blockchain is, very simply, an online record of transactions. They could be transactions for:

• Money
• The movement of goods
• Exchanges in information

We explore this idea more fully and explain why it has so much potential.

What is blockchain - diving deeper

Taking the above definition and building on it, a blockchain is a growing set of records, bunched together into ‘blocks’ which are linked together using cryptography

So we know it’s a way to keep records, but there are a lot of clever ideas built on top of that. The first is about how blockchain keeps those records. Most people refer to this as the distributed ledger system or DLT.

In a distributed ledger, a record of every transaction is held in many places at the same time. As a result, every time something in the blockchain is changed, everyone in the network is notified about--and has to agree on--changes.

This makes a blockchain fiendishly difficult to hack into and change records as it would require someone to change every single record at the exact same time. You can read more about hacking blockchains in our handy guide.

Blockchain is a growing set of records, bunched together into ‘blocks’ which are linked together using cryptography.

Why is everyone so excited about blockchain?

There are a number of key factors that make blockchain so exciting.

It's decentralized. The internet today is mostly centralized. What does that mean? The vast majority of the services and sites you visit store and keep their data in a database. Your bank, Netflix, Google, you name it, they all operate a centralized system.

The blockchain meanwhile, is a decentralized system. That means that the data lives on the network, instead of in one place.

Why is that a good thing?

In the present centralized system, there are a number of challenges.

• Security - If these centralized databases get hacked into, they can expose all the data at once. We've seen that happen more and more recently.
• Cost - Building centralized systems is often expensive as a company needs to provide all the digital capacity to make a system run smoothly.
• Your data - In these centralized systems, your data is not your own, and is often monetized by the networks you give that data too.
• Transparency - How information gets used, by whom and for what is a bit of a grey area today. The decentralized internet can change that!

Wasn't there anything like this before?

There have been decentralized systems on the internet. Remember Limewire and Napster? They were examples of decentralized services.

But they had a flaw: those services weren't very good at preventing duplicates of files. This is called the double spending problem. The double-spending problem is all about preventing people from spending money or using assets twice on two different things.

Your bank solves that problem by checking with its centralized database to see if an asset has been spent or used more than once. The blockchain solves that without the need for a centralized database.

Who invented the blockchain?

The idea of the blockchain has been discussed among cryptographers since the early 90s. But it wasn't until the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto came along that blockchain as we understand it today was created. Bitcoin is a system built on blockchain.

Blockchain is an online record of transactions backed by cryptography. It’s at the heart of currencies like Bitcoin and can be used to document financial transactions, the movement of goods or services and or exchanges in information.

Why else is it so special?

• It's a trustless system. Today when we buy things online, there are a number of actors or points we have to trust. Whether it be a seller, a payment system, a bank or even a website. A blockchain doesn't require so much trust, allowing anyone to exchange goods or services without a third party.
• No more middlemen. Many of today's networks are controlled by middlemen or agencies that often charge for the flow of information. In a blockchain, there is no such control, which can lead to lower costs and speedier transactions.
• Transparency. In a public blockchain like Bitcoin (there are private blockchains, check out our guide to find out the difference) anyone can see transactions, making it easier to track the flow of goods or services.
• No one is in control. Because blockchain is a decentralized system, it means no one person or group can control the system, meaning things can only change via consensus.

What can blockchain be used for?

• Energy - Person-to-person energy swapping. Potentially between borders.
• Supply Chains - Track all sorts shipments with complete transparency. Connecting records as items pass across many different handlers.
• Open Data Marketplaces - Large open-source platforms to exchange big-data anonymously. Data is often described as the lifeblood of internet businesses.
• Governments - Blockchain technology could be used to increase speed and visibility in the public sector.
• Auditing & Regulating - Although not typically implemented, blockchain tech could be set up to be a looking glass into public transactions making regulatory roles significantly faster and easier.
• Insurance - Make insurance more transparent, with set conditions for payouts.
• The Internet Of Things - Connecting smart devices to the Internet of Things and the sharing economy.

The Future

Blockchain started with Bitcoin, but there are no limits to where this technology could go in future. Projects like Ethereum and Ripple have taken the principles of blockchain and taken it in new directions. But that's just the beginning.

https://decrypt.co/resources/blockchain-basics-what-is-blockchain